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Showing posts with label France. Show all posts
Showing posts with label France. Show all posts
The name “France” comes from Latin Francia, which literally means “land of the Franks” or “Frankland”. There are various theories as to the origin of the name of the Franks. One is that it is derived from the Proto-Germanic word frankon which translates as javelin or lance as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a francisca.
Another proposed etymology is that in an ancient Germanic language, Frank means free as opposed to slave. This word still exists in French as franc, it is also used as the translation of “Frank” and to name the local money, until the use of the euro in the 2000s.
However, rather than the ethnic name of the Franks coming from the word frank, it is also possible that the word is derived from the ethnic name of the Franks, the connection being that only the Franks, as the conquering class, had the status of freemen. In German, France is still called Frankreich, which literally means “Realm of the Franks”. In order to distinguish from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, Modern France is called Frankreich, while the Frankish Realm is called Frankenreich.
The word “Frank” had been loosely used from the fall of Rome to the Middle Ages, yet from Hugh Capet’s coronation as “King of the Franks” (“Rex Francorum”) it became usual to strictly refer to the Kingdom of Francia, which would become France. The Capetian Kings were descended from the Robertines, who had produced two Frankish kings, and previously held the title of “Duke of the Franks” (“dux Francorum”). This Frankish duchy encompassed most of modern northern France but because the royal power was sapped by regional princes the term was then applied to the royal demesne as shorthand. It was finally the name adopted for the entire Kingdom as central power was affirmed over the entire kingdom.
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The French Republic is a united semi-presidential commonwealth with well-set democratic traditions. The constitution of the Fifth Republic was authorized by referendum on 28 September 1958. It greatly strengthened the authority of the administrator in respect to parliament. The executive branch itself bears two leaders: the President of the Republic, who is Head of State and is elected directly by comprehensive adult vote for a 5-year term, and the Government, headed by the president-appointed Prime Minister.
The French parliament is a two-chambered legislative assembly consisting a National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) and a Senate. The National Assembly deputies represent local constituencies and are directly elected for 5-year terms. The Assembly has the ability to dismiss the cabinet, and thus the majority in the Assembly regulates the selection of government. Senators are selected by an electoral college for 6-year terms, and half of the seats are stated to election every 3 years starting in September 2008. The Senate’s legislative powers are limited; in the outcome of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the unalterable state, except for constitutional laws and laws that are directly provided for by the fundamental law, the lois organiques, in few cases. The government has a strong influence in forming the agenda of Parliament.
French political relation are characterised by two politically opposing groups: one left-wing, centred around the French Socialist Party, and the other right-wing, centred previously around the Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) and now its successor the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). The executive branch is presently composed generally of the UMP.
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| Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 |
The monarchy reigned France until the French Revolution, in 1789. Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were put to death in 1793, along with thousands of other French citizens. Afterward a series of temporary governmental systems, Napoleon Bonaparte took over control of the Republic in 1799, getting himself First Consul, and later Emperor of what is at present known as the First Empire (1804–1814). In the flow of numerous warfares, his armies conquered most of continental Europe, with members of the Napoleon Bonaparte family line being appointed as monarchs of freshly built kingdoms.
Pursuing Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the French monarchy was reinstated, but with newly constitutional limits. In 1830, a civil revolt settled the constitutional July Monarchy, which lasted till 1848. The temporary Second Republic ceased in 1852 while Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte declared the Second Empire. Louis-Napoléon was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and his regimen was replaced by the Third Republic.
Pursuing Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the French monarchy was reinstated, but with newly constitutional limits. In 1830, a civil revolt settled the constitutional July Monarchy, which lasted till 1848. The temporary Second Republic ceased in 1852 while Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte declared the Second Empire. Louis-Napoléon was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and his regimen was replaced by the Third Republic.
France had complex possessions, in different forms, since the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, its global overseas colonial empire was the 2nd largest in the world trailing the British Empire. At its bloom, between 1919 and 1939, the second French colonial empire expanded over 12,347,000 square kilometres of land. Including metropolitan France, the whole area of land under French reign gained 12,898,000 square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, which is 8.6% of the world’s land area.
Although ultimately a winner in World War I and World War II, France suffered large human and material losses. Its metropolitan territory was partially or totally invaded by Germany during the two wars. The 1930s were noted by a sort of social reforms presented by the Popular Front governance. The Fourth Republic was built after World War II and struggled to preserve its economic and political condition as a sovereign country state. France tried to keep to its colonial empire, but shortly encountered difficulty. The lukewarm 1946 attempt at recovering control of French Indochina led in the First Indochina War, which finished in French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Just months afterward, France faced a new, even harsher conflict in Algeria.
The argument over whether or not to retain control of Algeria a home to over one million European settlers, wracked the country and closely led to civil war. In 1958, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic, which controlled by a strengthened Presidency. In the latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together though leading steps to end the war. The Algerian War and Franco-French civil war that led in the capital Algiers, was ended with peace negotiations in 1962 that led to Algerian independence.
In past decades, France’s reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the political and economic integration of the evolving European Union, including the introduction of the euro in January 1999. France has been at the forefront of the European Union member states attempting to work the impulse of monetary union to produce a more unified and capable European Union political, defence, and security setup. The French electorate voted against confirmation of the European Constitutional Treaty in May 2005, but the successor Treaty of Lisbon was signed by Parliament in February 2008.
- Total GDP, 2005: 6th (out of 180) (World Bank data)
- Total value of foreign trade (imports and exports) , 2002: 4th (out of 185)
- Reporters Without Borders world-wide press freedom index 2005: Rank 30 out of 167 countries
- Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 - 18th of 163 countries
